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Survey of thermal comfort in residential buildings under natural conditions in hot humid and cold wet

Changhai PENG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第4期   页码 503-511 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0095-1

摘要： Comfort standards (ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55) specify the exact physical criteria for producing acceptable thermal environments, such as temperature, air movement, and humidity limits. These, however, are often difficult to comply with, particularly in hot humid and cold wet seasons in Nanjing, China. Changing expectations of comfort is important in evaluating comfort, since naturally conditioned buildings in Nanjing are not typically air-conditioned. For this objective, a field study was conducted during the summer of 2000 and the winter of 2001. A total of 600 participants each answered a subjective questionnaire. Analyzing these field data shows that in natural conditions, the influence of gender and age on people’s thermal sensations is insignificant compared with six main variables. In addition, people’s thermal discomfort rapidly increases along with growth in relative humidity. Further, the variation of people’s hot or cold sensations is in proportion to that of air movement, and the effect in winter is greater than that in summer. The range of acceptable temperatures in hot humid and cold wet Nanjing is between 14.14°C and 29.42°C.

关键词： thermal comfort     naturally conditioned     hot humid     cold wet     Nanjing    

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Phenolic compounds removal by wet air oxidation based processes

Linbi Zhou, Hongbin Cao, Claude Descorme, Yongbing Xie

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0970-2

摘要： Wet air oxidation (WAO) and catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) are efficient processes to degrade organic pollutants in water. In this paper, we especially reviewed the WAO and CWAO processes for phenolic compounds degradation. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the CWAO processes that could be beneficial to the scientists entering this field of research. The influence of different reaction parameters, such as temperature, oxygen pressure, pH, stirring speed are analyzed in detail; Homogenous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts including carbon materials, transitional metal oxides and noble metals are extensively discussed, among which Cu based catalysts and Ru catalysts were shown to be the most active. Three different kinds of the reactor implemented for the CWAO (autoclave, packed bed and membrane reactors) are illustrated and compared. To enhance the degradation efficiency and reduce the cost of the CWAO process, biological degradation can be combined to develop an integrated technology.

关键词： Wet air oxidation     Catalytic wet air oxidation     Phenolic compounds     Heterogeneous catalysts     Mechanism    

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Characterization of value-added chemicals derived from the thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation of sewage

Milan Malhotra, Anurag Garg

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1305-2

摘要： Abstract • Hydrothermal treatment can greatly improve resource recovery from sewage sludge. • tCOD removal during WO was ~55% compared with ~23% after TH. • TOC solubilization during hydrothermal treatment followed first-order kinetics. • Solids and carbon balance confirmed loss of organics during thermal hydrolysis. • Reaction pathways for thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation are proposed. We evaluated the effect of hydrothermal pretreatments, i.e., thermal hydrolysis (TH) and wet oxidation (WO) on sewage sludge to promote resource recovery. The hydrothermal processes were performed under mild temperature conditions (140°C–180°C) in a high pressure reactor. The reaction in acidic environment (pH= 3.3) suppressed the formation of the color imparting undesirable Maillard’s compounds. The oxidative conditions resulted in higher volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction (~90%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (~55%) whereas TH caused VSS and COD removals of ~65% and ~27%, respectively at a temperature of 180°C. During TH, the concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins in treated sludge were 400–1000 mg/L and 1500–2500 mg/L, respectively. Whereas, WO resulted in solids solubilization followed by oxidative degradation of organics into smaller molecular weight carboxylic acids such as acetic acid (~400–500 mg/L). Based on sludge transformation products generated during the hydrothermal pretreatments, simplified reaction pathways are predicted. Finally, the application of macromolecules (such as proteins), VFAs and nutrients present in the treated sludge are also discussed. The future study should focus on the development of economic recovery methods for various value-added compounds.

关键词： Hydrothermal pretreatment     Reaction kinetics     Reaction pathway     Sewage sludge     Thermal hydrolysis     Wet oxidation    

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of carboxymethyl cellulose on morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as prepared with one-step wet

Ruiqiang LIU,Rattan LAL

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第5期   页码 804-812 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0785-y

摘要： Nano-sized apatite particles (nAP) synthesized with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have shown great application potentials in in situ heavy metal remediation. However, differences in CMC’s properties effects on the size of nAP produced are not well understood. In this paper, two types of CMC, with respective molecular weights (MW) of ~120000 and ~240000 Dalton or respective polymerization degrees of 500 (CMC-500) and 1050 (CMC-1050), were studied in a concentration range of 0.05%–0.5% (w/w) for nAP synthesis. Morphology of the particles was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that 0.05% CMC-500 solution gave an average particle size of 148.7±134.9 nm, 0.25% CMC-500 solution produced particles of 21.8±20.4 nm, and, 0.5% CMC-500 solution contained particles of 15.8±7.7 nm. In comparison, 0.05% CMC-1050 solution produced nanoparticles of 6.8±3.2 nm, 0.25% CMC-1050 produced smaller nAP of 4.3±3.2 nm, and 0.5% CMC-1050 synthesized the smallest nanoparticles in this study, with an average diameter of 3.0±2.1 nm. Chemical composition of the products was identified with X-ray diffraction (XRD) as pure hydroxyapatite. Interactions between nAP and CMC were discussed with help of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic data. This study showed that CMC at higher concentration as well as higher MW facilitated to produce finer nanoparticles, showing that nAP size could be manipulated by selecting appropriate CMC MW and/or applying appropriate CMC concentration.

关键词： nanotechnology     nanoparticles     apatite     carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)     particle size    

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review on technologies with electricity generation potentials using liquified natural gas regasification cold

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第3期   页码 332-379 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0863-y

摘要： In modern times, worldwide requirements to curb greenhouse gas emissions, and increment in energy demand due to the progress of humanity, have become a serious concern. In such scenarios, the effective and efficient utilization of the liquified natural gas (LNG) regasification cold energy (RCE), in the economically and environmentally viable methods, could present a great opportunity in tackling the core issues related to global warming across the world. In this paper, the technologies that are widely used to harness the LNG RCE for electrical power have been reviewed. The systems incorporating, the Rankine cycles, Stirling engines, Kalina cycles, Brayton cycles, Allam cycles, and fuel cells have been considered. Additionally, the economic and environmental studies apart from the thermal studies have also been reviewed. Moreover, the discussion regarding the systems with respect to the regassification pressure of the LNG has also been provided. The aim of this paper is to provide guidelines for the prospective researchers and policy makers in their decision making.

关键词： liquified natural gas     cold energy     power generation    

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Optimization of cold-end system of thermal power plants based on entropy generation minimization

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第6期   页码 956-972 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0785-5

摘要： Cold-end systems are heat sinks of thermal power cycles, which have an essential effect on the overall performance of thermal power plants. To enhance the efficiency of thermal power plants, multi-pressure condensers have been applied in some large-capacity thermal power plants. However, little attention has been paid to the optimization of the cold-end system with multi-pressure condensers which have multiple parameters to be identified. Therefore, the design optimization methods of cold-end systems with single- and multi-pressure condensers are developed based on the entropy generation rate, and the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize multiple parameters. Multiple parameters, including heat transfer area of multi-pressure condensers, steam distribution in condensers, and cooling water mass flow rate, are optimized while considering detailed entropy generation rate of the cold-end systems. The results show that the entropy generation rate of the multi-pressure cold-end system is less than that of the single-pressure cold-end system when the total condenser area is constant. Moreover, the economic performance can be improved with the adoption of the multi-pressure cold-end system. When compared with the single-pressure cold-end system, the excess revenues gained by using dual- and quadruple-pressure cold-end systems are 575 and 580 k$/a, respectively.

关键词： cold-end system     entropy generation minimization     optimization     economic analysis     genetic algorithm (GA)    

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Performance evaluation on the pollution control against wet weather overflow based on on-site coagulation

Zongqun Chen, Wei Jin, Hailong Yin, Mengqi Han, Zuxin Xu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1400-z

摘要： Abstract • A way for overflow control based on on-site coagulation/flocculation was proposed. • Coagulant and flocculant dose were optimized based on pollutant removal performance. • Settling time of 5 min is enough in a proper transmission distance. • Fast removal of particulate pollutants could be achieved under varied flow. The pollution caused by wet weather overflow in urban drainage systems is a main factor causing blackening an odorization of urban rivers. The conventional overflow treatment based on coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage systems requires relatively large space and long retention time demand that makes it not applicable in crowded urban drainage systems or under heavy rains. On-site coagulation/flocculation in terminal drainage pipes was proposed in this study which was aimed to transfer the coagulation/flocculation process to the inside of pipes at the terminal drainage system to save space and reduce the retention time of the coagulation/flocculation process. The optimized dose of chemicals was studied first which was 80 mg/L of coagulant and 0.8 mg/L of flocculant. Settling for only 5 min can remove most of the pollutants at 406.5 m of transmission distance. In addition, the relation of wet weather overflow rate and concentration of pollution load on the on-site coagulation/flocculation process was investigated, which indicated that high removal of pollutant was gained at a large range of flow velocity and pollutant concentration. Finally, the study confirmed electric neutralization, bridging, and net capture as the major mechanisms in this process, and further optimization was proposed. The proposed process can reduce much turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and total phosphorous, but hardly remove soluble ammonia and organics. This work provides scientific guidance to address wet weather overflow in terminal drainage pipes.

关键词： Wet weather overflow     On-site coagulation/flocculation     Fast removal of particulate pollutants    

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Removing ammonia from air with a constant pH, slightly acidic water　spray wet scrubber using recycled

Ahmad Kalbasi Ashtari, Amir M. Samani Majd, Gerald L. Riskowski, Saqib Mukhtar, Lingying Zhao

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年 第10卷 第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-016-0869-3

摘要： Slightly acidic solutions are a practical means of removing ammonia from air Scrubbed NH accumulates in solution as NH and should be an excellent fertilizer Increased air velocity decreased NH removal and increased NH collection Previous research on wet scrubbers has only studied highly acidic scrubbing solutions because of their high ammonia capture efficiencies; however, the high acidity created practical problems. Lower acidity solutions would reduce corrosion, maintenance, and cost; however, designers may need to use strategies for increasing scrubber effectiveness, such as using lower air velocities. The objective of this study was to determine if a spray scrubber with slightly acidic and higher pH scrubbing solution (pH from 2 to 8) could effectively remove NH from NH laden air (such as animal building exhaust air), and also collect this valuable resource for later use as a fertilizer. A bench-scale spray wet scrubber treated 20 ppmv NH /air mixture in a countercurrent contact chamber. First, the solution pH was varied from 2 to 8 while maintaining constant air velocity at 1.3 m·s . Next, air velocity was increased (2 and 3 m·s ) while solution pH remained constant at pH6. At 1.3 m·s , NH removal efficiencies ranged between 49.0% (pH8) and 84.3% (pH2). This study has shown that slightly acidic scrubbing solutions are a practical means of removing ammonia from air especially if the scrubber is designed to increase collisions between solution droplets and NH molecules. The NH removed from the air was held in solution as NH and accumulates over time so the solution should be an excellent fertilizer.

关键词： Ammonia     Spray wet scrubber     Slightly acidic scrubbing solution     Controlled pH     Removal efficiency    

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Current understanding and applications of the cold sintering process

Tong Yu, Jiang Cheng, Lu Li, Benshuang Sun, Xujin Bao, Hongtao Zhang

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第4期   页码 654-664 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1832-1

摘要： In traditional ceramic processing techniques, high sintering temperature is necessary to achieve fully dense microstructures. But it can cause various problems including warpage, overfiring, element evaporation, and polymorphic transformation. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel processing technique called “cold sintering process (CSP)” has been explored by Randall et al. CSP enables densification of ceramics at ultra-low temperature (≤300°C) with the assistance of transient aqueous solution and applied pressure. In CSP, the processing conditions including aqueous solution, pressure, temperature, and sintering duration play critical roles in the densification and properties of ceramics, which will be reviewed. The review will also include the applications of CSP in solid-state rechargeable batteries. Finally, the perspectives about CSP is proposed.

关键词： cold sintering process     processing variables     solid-state rechargeable batteries    

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Preparation of rare-earth metal complex oxide catalysts for catalytic wet air oxidation

LI Ning, LI Guangming, YAO Zhenya, ZHAO Jianfu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第2期   页码 190-195 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0033-1

摘要： Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) is one of the most promising technologies for pollution abatement. Developing catalysts with high activity and stability is crucial for the application of the CWAO process. The Mn/Ce complex oxide catalysts for CWAO of high concentration phenolcontaining wastewater were prepared by coprecipitation. The catalyst preparation conditions were optimized by using an orthogonal layout method and single-factor experimental analysis. The Mn/Ce serial catalysts were characterized by Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analysis and the metal cation leaching was measured by inductively coupled plasma torch-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The results show that the catalysts have high catalytic activities even at a low temperature (80?C) and low oxygen partial pressure (0.5 MPa) in a batch reactor. The metallic ion leaching is comparatively low (Mn<6.577 mg/L and Ce<0.6910 mg/L, respectively) in the CWAO process. The phenol, COD, and TOC removal efficiencies in the solution exceed 98.5% using the optimal catalyst (named CSP). The new catalyst would have a promising application in CWAO treatment of high concentration organic wastewater.

关键词： torch-atomic emission     Brunauer     Catalytic     process     stability    

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Application of cold spraying for flux-free brazing of aluminium alloy 6060

Kirsten BOBZIN, Lidong ZHAO, Thomas SCHLAEFER, Thomas WARDA,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第5卷 第3期   页码 256-260 doi: 10.1007/s11465-010-0095-9

摘要： In the present study, samples of aluminium alloy 6060 were coated by cold spraying with a powder of brazing alloy Al12Si. The influence of the process gas temperature on particle velocities and coating build-up was investigated. The coated samples were heat-treated in air and under argon atmosphere to investigate the wetting behaviour of the deposited Al12Si and the diffusion processes between Al12Si coatings and substrates. Coated samples were brazed flux-free under argon atmosphere by an induction heating system. The microstructure of the coated, heat-treated, and brazed samples was investigated. The shear strength of the brazed joints was determined. The results show that the brazing alloy Al12Si could be very well deposited on the substrate by cold spraying. The particle velocity increased with increasing process temperature. Correspondingly, the thickness of Al12Si coatings increased with increasing process temperature. The heat treatments showed that a very good metallurgical bond between the Al12Si coatings and the substrate could be realized by the deposition using cold spraying. The coated samples could be well brazed without fluxes. The coating thickness and overlap width influenced the shear strength of the brazed joints. The highest shear strength of brazed joints amounts to 80 MPa.

关键词： aluminium alloy     flux-free brazing     cold spraying     shear strength    

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A fully solid-state cold thermal energy storage device for car seats using shape-memory alloys

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第4期   页码 504-515 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0855-3

摘要： Thermal energy storage has been a pivotal technology to fill the gap between energy demands and energy supplies. As a solid-solid phase change material, shape-memory alloys (SMAs) have the inherent advantages of leakage free, no encapsulation, negligible volume variation, as well as superior energy storage properties such as high thermal conductivity (compared with ice and paraffin) and volumetric energy density, making them excellent thermal energy storage materials. Considering these characteristics, the design of the shape-memory alloy based the cold thermal energy storage system for precooling car seat application is introduced in this paper based on the proposed shape-memory alloy-based cold thermal energy storage cycle. The simulation results show that the minimum temperature of the metal boss under the seat reaches 26.2 °C at 9.85 s, which is reduced by 9.8 °C, and the energy storage efficiency of the device is 66%. The influence of initial temperature, elastocaloric materials, and the shape-memory alloy geometry scheme on the performance of car seat cold thermal energy storage devices is also discussed. Since SMAs are both solid-state refrigerants and thermal energy storage materials, hopefully the proposed concept can promote the development of more promising shape-memory alloy-based cold and hot thermal energy storage devices.

关键词： shape-memory alloy (SMA)     elastocaloric effect (eCE)     cooled seat     cold thermal energy storage    

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Tracking in urban wastewater treatment plants in a cold region: Occurrence, species and infectivity

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第9期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1533-8

摘要：

• Cryptosporidium in WWTPs in a cold region was investigated in different seasons.

关键词： WWTPs     Cryptosporidium     Occurrence     Species     Infectivity     Low temperature    

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A critical literature review of bioretention research for stormwater management in cold climate and future

Hannah Kratky, Zhan Li, Yijun Chen, Chengjin Wang, Xiangfei Li, Tong Yu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0982-y

摘要： Bioretention is a popular best management practice of low impact development that effectively restores urban hydrologic characteristics to those of predevelopment and improves water quality prior to conveyance to surface waters. This is achieved by utilizing an engineered system containing a surface layer of mulch, a thick soil media often amended with a variety of materials to improve water quality, a variety of vegetation, and underdrains, depending on the surrounding soil characteristics. Bioretention systems have been studied quite extensively for warm climate applications, but data strongly supporting their long-term efficacy and application in cold climates is sparse. Although it is apparent that bioretention is an effective stormwater management system, its design in cold climate needs further research. Existing cold climate research has shown that coarser media is required to prevent concrete frost from forming. For spring, summer and fall seasons, if sufficient permeability exists to drain the system prior to freezing, peak flow and volume reduction can be maintained. Additionally, contaminants that are removed via filtration are also not impacted by cold climates. In contrary, dissolved contaminants, nutrients, and organics are significantly more variable in their ability to be removed or degraded via bioretention in colder temperatures. Winter road maintenance salts have been shown to negatively impact the removal of some contaminants and positively impact others, while their effects on properly selected vegetation or bacteria health are also not very well understood. Research in these water quality aspects has been inconsistent and therefore requires further study.

关键词： Bioretention     Cold climate     Low impact development     Stormwater    

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Air-side heat transfer and friction characteristics of biofouled evaporator under wet conditions

Hui PU, Guoliang DING, Xiaokui MA, Haitao HU, Yifeng GAO,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第3期   页码 306-312 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0067-0

摘要： The effects of biofouling on air-side heat transfer and friction characteristics under wet conditions of three biofouled finned tube heat exchangers and one clean finned tube heat exchanger were investigated experimentally. Experimental results indicate that the biofouled fin efficiency of the evaporator decreases by 15.5% compared with the clean evaporator under the condition of the biofouled area ratio of 60% at the inlet air velocity of 2.0m/s; The ranges of friction fouling factor and heat transfer fouling factor are 19.8%―43.1% and ―15.6%―13.1%, respectively; a small quantity of biofouled particles can enhance heat transfer at low Reynolds number, and the enhancement effect decreases with the increase of Reynolds number.

关键词： finned tube     evaporator     fouling     heat transfer     friction    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Survey of thermal comfort in residential buildings under natural conditions in hot humid and cold wet

Changhai PENG

期刊论文

Phenolic compounds removal by wet air oxidation based processes

Linbi Zhou, Hongbin Cao, Claude Descorme, Yongbing Xie

期刊论文

Characterization of value-added chemicals derived from the thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation of sewage

Milan Malhotra, Anurag Garg

期刊论文

of carboxymethyl cellulose on morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as prepared with one-step wet

Ruiqiang LIU,Rattan LAL

期刊论文

review on technologies with electricity generation potentials using liquified natural gas regasification cold

期刊论文

Optimization of cold-end system of thermal power plants based on entropy generation minimization

期刊论文

Performance evaluation on the pollution control against wet weather overflow based on on-site coagulation

Zongqun Chen, Wei Jin, Hailong Yin, Mengqi Han, Zuxin Xu

期刊论文

Removing ammonia from air with a constant pH, slightly acidic water　spray wet scrubber using recycled

Ahmad Kalbasi Ashtari, Amir M. Samani Majd, Gerald L. Riskowski, Saqib Mukhtar, Lingying Zhao

期刊论文

Current understanding and applications of the cold sintering process

Tong Yu, Jiang Cheng, Lu Li, Benshuang Sun, Xujin Bao, Hongtao Zhang

期刊论文

Preparation of rare-earth metal complex oxide catalysts for catalytic wet air oxidation

LI Ning, LI Guangming, YAO Zhenya, ZHAO Jianfu

期刊论文

Application of cold spraying for flux-free brazing of aluminium alloy 6060

Kirsten BOBZIN, Lidong ZHAO, Thomas SCHLAEFER, Thomas WARDA,

期刊论文

A fully solid-state cold thermal energy storage device for car seats using shape-memory alloys

期刊论文

Tracking in urban wastewater treatment plants in a cold region: Occurrence, species and infectivity

期刊论文

A critical literature review of bioretention research for stormwater management in cold climate and future

Hannah Kratky, Zhan Li, Yijun Chen, Chengjin Wang, Xiangfei Li, Tong Yu

期刊论文

Air-side heat transfer and friction characteristics of biofouled evaporator under wet conditions

Hui PU, Guoliang DING, Xiaokui MA, Haitao HU, Yifeng GAO,

期刊论文